Battery and method for generating electricity

ABSTRACT

A positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte intervening between the positive electrode and the negative electrode are employed, and a molecule capable of being excited due to absorption of light and electrochemically oxidizing carbohydrate is provided at at least either the negative electrode or the electrolyte, with production of electromotive force occurring between the positive electrode and the negative electrode as a result of supply of carbohydrate while the molecule is irradiated with light and oxidization of carbohydrate by the molecule at the negative electrode. This method makes it possible for the chemical energy which carbohydrates possess to be directly utilized as electrical energy.

RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 10/130,829, filed May 23, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,916,576.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention pertains to a battery and method for generating electricity employing an electrochemical oxidation reaction of a polysaccharide, disaccharide, monosaccharide, or other such carbohydrate.

BACKGROUND ART

Carbohydrates are synthesized by plants through photosynthesis. Animals ingest carbohydrates for use as a source of energy. Besides monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, and other such saccharides, carbohydrates also include saccharide analogs such as cyclic polyhydric alcohols, amino sugars, and the like.

Glucose, which is representative of carbohydrates, is expressed by the chemical formula C₆H₁₂O₆. Complete oxidation of glucose results in liberation of 24 electrons per molecule of glucose, with production of carbon dioxide gas and water. These 24 electrons are utilized as a source of energy within the animal body.

Thermodynamic calculations indicate that glucose possesses 2872 kJ of energy per 1 mole, or 4.43 W·hr per 1 gm. This is as much or greater than the weight energy density of 3.8 W·hr/gm of the metallic lithium employed at the negative electrode of the lithium battery which is well known as a high energy density battery.

There are only two methods which have been discovered to date for utilization of the energy possessed by carbohydrates. One is utilization of the thermal energy produced by direct combustion of carbohydrate in air, and the other is utilization in the form of the chemical energy produced by action of any of some 12 or more types of oxidase present within the body of an animal which has consumed carbohydrate (Albert et. al., Essential Cell Biology (Garland Publishing, Inc.), 107 (1997)).

This is to say that a method that would allow the chemical energy which carbohydrates possess to be effectively utilized directly as electrical energy has yet to be discovered.

DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION

The present invention was conceived in light of the foregoing, its object being to provide a battery and a method for generating electricity allowing the chemical energy which carbohydrates possess to be utilized directly as electrical energy.

The present invention pertains to a method for generating electricity employing a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte intervening between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, wherein a molecule capable of being excited due to absorption of light and electrochemically oxidizing carbohydrate is provided at at least either the negative electrode or the electrolyte, with production of electromotive force occurring between the positive electrode and the negative electrode as a result of supply of carbohydrate while the molecule is irradiated with light and oxidization of carbohydrate by the molecule at the negative electrode.

It is preferred that a metal element capable of forming a complex comprising a carbohydrate hydroxyl group serving as ligand be provided at at least either the negative electrode or the electrolyte. This is because a carbohydrate forming the complex can be oxidized by the molecule with good efficiency.

It is preferred that the molecule be excited as a result of absorption of light having wavelength within the range of from 300 nm to 1000 nm.

It is preferred that the negative electrode have an oxide semiconductor that accepts an electron from the molecule.

It is preferred that reduction of oxygen take place at the positive electrode.

Cu, Ag, Pt, Fe, Ni, Zn, In, Sn, Pb, Sb, Ti, Mg, or the like may be employed as the metal element. Of these, it is preferred that the metal element be at least one species selected from among the group consisting of Cu, Ag, and Pt. Furthermore, an alloy comprising at least one of the metal element species may be employed.

The present invention moreover pertains to a battery comprising a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte intervening between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, wherein at least either the negative electrode or the electrolyte has a molecule capable of being excited due to absorption of light and electrochemically oxidizing carbohydrate.

It is preferred in the battery that at least either the negative electrode or the electrolyte have a metal element capable of forming a complex comprising a carbohydrate hydroxyl group serving as ligand.

A reduction reaction will proceed at the positive electrode at an electric potential higher than the electric potential at which the reaction for oxidation of carbohydrate proceeds at the negative electrode. It is preferred that the positive electrode be, for example, an oxygen electrode which reduces oxygen.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic drawing showing a process by which carbohydrate is electrochemically oxidized by a molecule that has been excited by light.

FIG. 2 is a longitudinal cross section of a power cell for evaluating the characteristics of a battery associated with the present invention.

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

The present invention is based on the discovery that action of a molecule made active due to excitation by light permits direct and efficient extraction of energy from carbohydrates, which store large quantities of energy. The present invention makes it possible for the chemical energy stored in carbohydrates to be directly utilized as electrical energy.

Specifically, an oxidation reaction occurring at a negative electrode as indicated by FORMULA (1), below, permits n electrons which a carbohydrate possesses to be directly extracted and supplied to an external electric circuit.

Here, S represents a molecule prior to excitation, S* represents the molecule after it has been excited due to absorption of light, G represents a carbohydrate, e represents electron(s) delivered to the external circuit, and G_(n) represents a chemical species produced when the carbohydrate gives up n electrons.

FIG. 1 shows electron energy level (electric potential) and flow of electrons from negative electrode to positive electrode. Arrow A indicates the direction of decreasing electric potential, and arrow B indicates the direction of increasing electric potential.

As shown at FIG. 1, a molecule S is excited due to absorption of light, generating active S* and an electron e. The energy (hυ) of a photon absorbed by the molecule S is characteristic of the molecule S, and corresponds to the difference in energy between S and S*. The electron which is generated has a lower electric potential as determined by the difference in energies, and after performing work at an external electric circuit 13, the electron arrives at the positive electrode, where it is used in a reduction reaction which occurs at that positive electrode. Such mechanism allows production of an electromotive force between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.

It is preferred that the molecule S be excited as a result of absorption of light having wavelength within the range of from 300 nm to 1000 nm. The molecule S may have a single absorption peak within the wavelength domain or may have a plurality of absorption peaks therein. A metal complex colorant, an organic colorant, or the like may be employed as such molecule.

Among the metal complex colorants, a platinum complex colorant or a ruthenium complex colorant having Ru or Pt as central atom and having a biquinoline group, a bipyridyl group, a phenanthroline group, a thiocyanate group or a derivative of any of these groups as ligand may be employed.

As the organic colorant, a 9-phenylxanthenic colorant, a merocyaninic colorant, a polymethinic colorant, or the like may be employed.

It is also possible to employ a porphyrinic colorant combining features of both an organic colorant and a metal complex colorant in a structure having one or a plurality of porphyrin rings and having Cu, Zn, Mg, Fe, or other such metal as central atom. It is also possible to employ a colorant comprising only the porphyrin ring without presence of the metal central atom.

The molecule S which is excited by absorption of light may be provided at the negative electrode or may be dissolved or dispersed in the electrolyte. In the event that the molecule S is dissolved or dispersed in electrolyte, it will be capable of migration to the negative electrode. Accordingly, it will be possible in either case to cause the carbohydrate oxidation reaction to proceed with good efficiency at the negative electrode.

It is preferred that an electrically conductive thin film comprising an oxide semiconductor be formed at the negative electrode, and that the molecule which is excited due to absorption of light be disposed thereover. Furthermore, such semiconductor thin film efficiently will accept electrons from the molecule after it has been excited due to absorption of light and will efficiently supply electrons which have been so accepted to the external electric circuit. Accordingly, the oxidation reaction at the negative electrode will proceed smoothly. While it is preferred from the standpoint of light collection characteristics that the thin film transmit light, the thin film may be formed through molding of oxide semiconductor microgranules.

Titanium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, indium tin oxide, and so forth may be employed for the oxide semiconductor. Any one of these may be used alone, or any two or more of these may be used in combination.

While G through G_(n) and S* in the reaction formula (1) were written with the situation in mind of a reaction which proceeds with direct migration of electrons therebetween, migration of electrons between G through G_(n) and S* may be made to occur such that one or more redox pairs intervene therebetween. Such a redox pair may be provided at the negative electrode or may be dissolved or dispersed in the electrolyte. But it will be possible in either case to cause the carbohydrate oxidation reaction to proceed with good efficiency at the negative electrode.

It is preferred that the redox pair have a redox potential that is lower than the electric potential of the molecule S when in the ground state. As such a redox pair, a quinone-hydroquinone pair, a NAD-NADH pair (“NAD” indicating the oxidized form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, and “NADH” indicating the reduced form thereof), a NADP-NADPH pair (“NADH” indicating the oxidized form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, and “NADPH” indicating the reduced form thereof), an iodine-iodate ion pair, or a ferredoxin, myoglobin, or other such metalloprotein having redox capability, or another such [redox pair] may be employed.

Carbohydrates and some metal elements form complexes wherein all or any portion of the carbohydrate hydroxyl groups serve as ligand(s). In such a complex, a temporary chemical bond is formed between a carbohydrate and a metal element by way of a hydroxyl group. In concert with formation of such temporary chemical bond, carbon-carbon bonds of the carbohydrate are weakened. As a result, oxidation of carbohydrate by the molecule S* in its excited state is facilitated. In other words, presence of this intervening complex permits increase in the efficiency of the carbohydrate oxidation reaction.

It is therefore preferred that a metal element capable of forming a complex comprising a carbohydrate hydroxyl group serving as ligand be provided in the neighborhood of the molecule S. The metal element may for example be provided in the electrolyte, in the electrically conductive thin film comprising oxide semiconductor, or on the negative electrode. In the event that the metal element is dissolved or dispersed in the electrolyte, it will be capable of migration to the negative electrode. Accordingly, it will be possible in either case to increase the efficiency of the carbohydrate oxidation reaction at the negative electrode. The complex may for example form at the negative electrode-electrolyte interface, in electrolyte, and so forth.

As used herein, “complex” refers to an intermediate substance formed at any point during the sequence of chemical reactions from reactant to product. Such intermediates include mononuclear complexes comprising a single central atom and one or more ligands, and polynuclear complexes comprising one or more central atoms and one or more ligands.

It is preferred that such metal element capable of forming a complex comprising a carbohydrate hydroxyl group serving as ligand be a metal element which forms an amphoteric hydroxide. Cu, Ag, Pt, Fe, Ni, Zn, In, Sn, Pb, Sb, Ti, and Mg may be cited as examples of such metal element. Any one of these may be used alone, or any two or more of these may be used in combination. Furthermore, an alloy comprising at least one of these may also be employed. Cu, Ag, and Pt in particular lend themselves to formation of complexes with carbohydrate by way of hydroxyl group.

While there is no particular limitation with regard to the carbohydrate, it is possible to employ glucose, mannose, galactose, fructose, glyceraldehyde, dihydroxyacetone, erythrose, ribulose, xylulose, sedoheptulose, ribose, deoxyribose, sorbose, glucosamine, galactosamine, and other such monosaccharides; isomaltose, maltose, cellobiose, lactose, raffinose, sucrose, and other such disaccharides; oligosaccharides; and starch, glycogen, cellulose, glycoprotein, glycosaminoglycan, glycolipid, and other such polysaccharides. Furthermore, foods, food residue, plant and animal remains, liquids extracted from plants and animals, and other such substances which contain carbohydrates may also be employed. Any one of these may be used alone, or any two or more of these may be used in combination.

The electrolyte used in the present invention serves to permit migration of anions and cations from positive electrode to negative electrode and/or from negative electrode to positive electrode, and to allow redox reactions to proceed in continuous fashion at the positive electrode and the negative electrode.

Both aqueous electrolytes and non-aqueous electrolytes may be applied to the present invention. Furthermore, liquid electrolytes, solid electrolytes, and gel electrolytes may all be applied to the present invention.

As the aqueous electrolyte, aqueous solutions containing dissolved metallic salts such as KCl, NaCl, MgCl₂, ZnCl₂, or NH₄Cl; alkalies such as NH₄OH, KOH, or NaOH; acids such as H₃PO₄ or H₂SO₄; or the like may for example be employed.

As the non-aqueous electrolyte, solvent mixtures of ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate containing dissolved metallic salts such as LiBF₄ or LiPF₆ may for example be employed. Furthermore, solvents such as acetonitrile, methoxyacetonyl, or methoxypropionitrile containing dissolved quaternary ammonium salts such as pyridinium iodide, lithium salts such as lithium iodide, imidazolium salts such as imidazolinium iodide, amines such as t-butylpyridine, or the like may also be employed.

As the solid electrolyte, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyacrylonitrile, polyethylene oxide, or polypropylene oxide retaining a salt such as (C₄H₉)₄NBF₄, LiCl₄, LiBF₄, or fluororesin having a pyridinium group, ammonium group, amide group, sulfonic group, or other such group, or another such substance may for example be employed.

The reduction reaction at the positive electrode will proceed at an electric potential higher than the electric potential of the electron(s) removed from carbohydrate by the molecule S at the negative electrode.

As examples of such reduction reactions, reduction reaction of water or oxygen; reduction reaction of hydroxides or oxides such as LiNiO₂, LiMn₂O₄, LiCoO₂, Ag₂O, MnO₂, PbO, Pb(OH)₂, MnOOH, or NiOOH; reduction reaction of sulfides such as Ag₂S, FeS, MoS₂, or TiS₂; reduction reaction of metal halides such as CuCl₂, PbI₂or AgI; reduction reaction of quinones or organic sulfur compounds such as organic disulfide compounds; reduction reaction of electrically conductive polymers such as polythiophene or polyaniline; and the like may be cited.

Of these, it is preferred that the positive electrode be an oxygen electrode which reduces oxygen. If the positive electrode is an oxygen electrode, this will permit a gas containing oxygen such as air or the like to be used as a positive electrode active material. Accordingly, this will make it unnecessary for a positive electrode active material to be retained within the battery, permitting constitution of a battery having high energy density.

Such an oxygen electrode comprises a substance capable of reducing oxygen. As examples of such a substance, activated charcoal; manganese oxides such as MnO₂, Mn₃O₄, Mn₂O₃, or Mn₅O₈; platinum; palladium; iridium oxide; platinum ammine complexes; cobalt phenylenediamine complexes; metalloporphyrins possessing a central atom such as Co, Mn, Zn, or Mg; perovskite oxides such as La(Ca)CoO₃ or La(Sr)MnO₃; and the like may be cited.

Below, the present invention is described in concretive manners based on working examples.

WORKING EXAMPLE 1

Test electrodes were prepared using colorants D1 through D6, below, as a colorant molecule excited by absorption of light.

D1 may be synthesized in accordance with a method described in a paper by M. K. Nazeeruddin et al. (J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., p. 1075, (1997)).

D2 may be synthesized in accordance with a method described in a paper by H. Sugihara et al. (Chem. Lett., p. 1005, (1998)).

D3 may be synthesized in accordance with a method described in a paper by A. Islam et al. (New J. Chem., p. 343, (2000)).

D4 may be synthesized based on methods described at “Heterocyclic Compounds—Cyanine Dyes and Related Compounds” by F. M. Harmer (John Wiley and Sons, New York and London, published 1964), United Kingdom Patent No. 1,077,611, and elsewhere.

D5 may be synthesized in accordance with a method described in a paper by A. D. Adler et al. (J. Org. Chem., p. 476, (1967)).

D6 may be synthesized in accordance with a method described in a paper by D. Gust et al. (Science, p. 199, (1990)).

Colorants D1 through D6 each have either a single absorption peak or a plurality of absorption peaks in the wavelength domain of from 300 nm to 1000 nm.

Cells as shown in FIG. 2 were assembled using the foregoing test electrodes as negative electrodes.

(i) Test Electrode Preparation

An indium tin oxide (ITO) thin film of surface resistance 10 ohms/cm² was formed on a glass substrate of thickness 1 mm.

A dispersion was prepared by mixing 89 parts by weight of an acetonitrile solution containing 30 wt % of polyethylene glycol and 11 parts by weight of TiO2 granules of average grain diameter 10 nm.

The glass plate having the ITO thin film was immersed in the foregoing dispersion to apply the dispersion over the ITO thin film, and this was dried at 80° C. and fired for a further 1 hr in air at 400° C. As a result, a TiO₂ microgranule film of thickness approximately 10 μm was formed over the ITO thin film.

Two glass substrates having the ITO thin film and TiO₂ microgranule film were then arranged such that the respective TiO₂ microgranule films faced one another, and a partitioning frame member comprising sealant material was interposed between the TiO2 microgranule films. The assembly was thoroughly secured such that the partitioning frame member was sandwiched between the two substrates, constituting a cell.

An ethanol solution containing colorant D1 in a concentration 10 mM (M=moles/liter) was injected into the cell, filling the interior of the cell with the ethanol solution, and this was allowed to stand. One hour thereafter the ethanol solution was discharged from the cell and dry warm air was allowed to pass through the cell interior continuously for 1 hr, resulting in deposition of colorant D1 on the TiO₂ microgranule thin films. The interior of the cell was then filled with 4-tert-butylpyridine, and this was discharged therefrom. Next, the interior of the cell was washed with acetonitrile, and the cell interior was dried with warm air. The cell was thereafter disassembled to obtain test electrode(s) 1A having colorant D1 deposited on the TiO₂ microgranule thin film.

Test electrodes 2A through 6A were obtained in a similar fashion as test electrode 1A using colorants D2 through D6 in place of colorant D1.

(ii) Cell Assembly

Test electrodes 1A through 6A so obtained were respectively used as negative electrodes to assemble cells as shown at FIG. 2. An electrolyte 5 containing carbohydrate was introduced into the cells. Glucose or fructose was used as carbohydrate. A 0.1 M aqueous solution of KOH was used as the electrolyte. Concentration of glucose or fructose in the electrolyte was 50 mM.

An electrolyte containing glucose or fructose but not containing a redox pair was prepared, and an electrolyte containing glucose or fructose and also containing a redox pair in a concentration 5 mM was prepared. Hydroquinone (HQ) or NADH was used as the redox pair.

At FIG. 2, the numeral 1 denotes a glass substrate constituting a test electrode, an ITO thin film 2 being formed on one surface thereof. Furthermore, a TiO₂ microgranule thin film 3 is formed over the ITO thin film, and a colorant molecule layer 4 wherein a colorant molecule has been deposited is present at the surface of the TiO₂ microgranule thin film 3. A negative electrode lead 10 for connecting the cell to an external electric circuit is connected to the ITO thin film.

Arranged at a location facing the colorant molecule layer 4 of the test electrode is an oxygen electrode 6. The oxygen electrode, which serves as a positive electrode, comprises a mixture of powdered Mn₂O₃, powdered activated charcoal, powdered acetylene black, and polytetrafluoroethylene, and contains nickel mesh of thickness 0.2 mm as a core material. Provided on the exterior surface of the oxygen electrode 6 is an oxygen permeable membrane 7 comprising a water-repellent fluororesin. Furthermore, a positive electrode lead 11 for connecting the power cell to an external electric circuit is connected to the oxygen electrode 6.

A partitioning frame member 12 comprising transparent silicon rubber is interposed between the test electrode and the oxygen electrode, constituting a cell. The partitioning frame member is provided with an inlet 8 a for introduction of the electrolyte and carbohydrate into the power cell interior, and an outlet 8 b for discharge of the electrolyte and surplus carbohydrate to the power cell exterior. Inlet 8 a and outlet 8 b are respectively equipped with liquid valves 9 a and 9 b, permitting control of electrolyte and carbohydrate flow rates.

(iii) Cell Characteristics

After filling the interior of the cell with the electrolyte containing carbohydrate, light from a sunlight simulator (AM 1.5, 100 mW/cm²) was irradiated from the glass substrate side and the electromotive force (OCV) at the cell was measured. Furthermore, voltage at the cell was measured at a time when the cell had been discharged for 20 min at a constant current of 100 μA. Results are shown at TABLE 1.

TABLE 1 Cell Voltage following Discharge OCV (V) (V) Irradiation Irradiation Test Carbo- Redox with light with light Electrode Colorant hydrate Pair Yes No Yes No 1A D1 Glucose None 1.1 0.2 0.8 0 HQ 0.7 0.65 0.65 0.2 NADH 1.2 1.05 1.0 0.3 Fructose None 1.1 0.1 0.8 0 HQ 0.65 0.6 0.5 0.1 NADH 1.2 1.1 0.9 0.3 2A D2 Glucose None 1.1 0.2 0.7 0 HQ 0.65 0.6 0.55 0.1 NADH 1.15 1.1 0.9 0.1 None None 1.0 0.1 0 0 HQ 0.7 0.65 0 0 NADH 1.2 1.1 0 0 3A D3 Glucose None 0.9 0.1 0.65 0 HQ 0.7 0.55 0.55 0.1 NADH 1.2 1.15 0.9 0.1 Fructose None 1.0 0.2 0.7 0 HQ 0.65 0.5 0.5 0.1 NADH 1.15 1.1 0.85 0.2 4A D4 None None 0.9 0.05 0 0 HQ 0.65 0.55 0 0 NADH 1.2 1.05 0 0 Fructose None 1.0 0.2 0.65 0 HQ 0.7 0.65 0.6 0.2 NADH 1.2 1.0 0.9 0.2 5A D5 Glucose None 1.1 0.25 0.65 0 HQ 0.7 0.65 0.6 0.1 NADH 1.2 1.1 0.85 0.3 Fructose None 1.0 0.1 0.7 0 HQ 0.65 0.6 0.55 0.2 NADH 1.15 1.1 0.95 0.2 6A D6 Glucose None 0.7 0.2 0.55 0 HQ 0.65 0.6 0.55 0.2 NADH 1.2 1.15 1.0 0.3 Fructose None 0.7 0.2 0.6 0 HQ 0.65 0.6 0.6 0.2 NADH 1.15 1.1 1.05 0.1

From the results at TABLE 1, it is clear that irradiation of light allows a high discharge voltage to be maintained for all test electrodes used in the power cells, and that these cells permit efficient generation of electricity.

Upon using liquid chromatography to analyze the electrolyte containing carbohydrate following testing, gluconic acid, oxalic acid, and formic acid—[these] being products of oxidation of glucose or fructose—were detected.

Next, the monosaccharides galactose, mannose, and sorbose; the disaccharides maltose, sucrose, lactose, and raffinose; and the polysaccharide starch were used in place of glucose and fructose, and test electrodes 1A through 6A were evaluated in the same fashion as described above. As a result, oxidation of carbohydrate was observed to occur as had been the case with glucose and fructose.

Upon carrying out similar evaluation with TiO₂—WO₃ microgranule film in place of the TiO₂ microgranule film, more or less similar cell characteristics were obtained. Here, the TiO₂—WO₃ microgranule film was formed using a dispersion comprising 92 parts by weight of an acetonitrile solution containing 30 wt % of polyethylene glycol and 8 parts by weight of a mixture of TiO₂ granules of average grain diameter 10 nm and WO₃ granules of average grain diameter 12 nm in a 5:1 ratio by weight. The glass plate having the ITO thin film was immersed in the foregoing dispersion, and this was dried at 80° C. and fired for 1 hr in air at 400° C., to form a TiO₂—WO₃, microgranule film of thickness approximately 8 μm over the ITO thin film.

WORKING EXAMPLE 2

Except for the fact that a TiO₂ microgranule film was not formed over the ITO thin film and colorants D1 through D6 were instead deposited directly on the ITO thin film, test electrodes 7A through 12A were prepared in the same fashion as at Working Example 1, constituting cells, the characteristics of which were evaluated. Results are shown at TABLE 2. Note however that cell discharge was at 10 μA for 200 min.

TABLE 2 Cell Voltage following Discharge OCV (V) (V) Irradiation Irradiation Test Carbo- Redox with light with light Electrode Colorant hydrate Pair Yes No Yes No  7A D1 Glucose None 1.25 0 0.95 0 HQ 0.7 0.65 0.65 0.2 NADH 1.2 1.05 1.0 0.3 Fructose None 1.25 0 0.9 0 HQ 0.65 0.6 0.5 0.1 NADH 1.2 1.1 0.9 0.3  8A D2 Glucose None 1.2 0 0.8 0 HQ 0.65 0.6 0.55 0.1 NADH 1.15 1.1 0.9 0.1 None None 1.15 0 0 0 HQ 0.7 0.65 0 0 NADH 1.2 1.1 0 0  9A D3 Glucose None 0.95 0 0.65 0 HQ 0.7 0.55 0.55 0.1 NADH 1.2 1.15 0.9 0.1 Fructose None 1.05 0 0.75 0 HQ 0.65 0.5 0.5 0.1 NADH 1.15 1.1 0.85 0.2  10A D4 None None 1.0 0 0 0 HQ 0.65 0.55 0 0 NADH 1.2 1.05 0 0 Fructose None 1.1 0 0.65 0 HQ 0.7 0.65 0.6 0.2 NADH 1.2 1.0 0.9 0.2 11A D5 Glucose None 1.25 0 0.7 0 HQ 0.7 0.65 0.6 0.1 NADH 1.2 1.1 0.85 0.3 Fructose None 1.2 0 0.75 0 HQ 0.65 0.6 0.55 0.2 NADH 1.15 1.1 0.95 0.2 12A D6 Glucose None 0.7 0 0.65 0 HQ 0.65 0.6 0.55 0.2 NADH 1.2 1.15 1.0 0.3 Fructose None 0.7 0 0.65 0 HQ 0.65 0.6 0.6 0.2 NADH 1.15 1.1 1.05 0.1

From the results at TABLE 2, it is clear that irradiation of light allows a high discharge voltage to be maintained for all test electrodes used in the cells, and that these cells permit efficient generation of electricity.

Upon using liquid chromatography to analyze the electrolyte containing carbohydrate following testing, gluconic acid, oxalic acid, and formic acid—these being products of oxidation of glucose or fructose—were detected.

Subsequently, the monosaccharides galactose, mannose, and sorbose; the disaccharides maltose, sucrose, lactose, and raffinose; and the polysaccharide starch were used in place of glucose and fructose, and test electrodes 7A through 12A were evaluated in the same fashion as described above. As a result, oxidation of carbohydrate was observed to occur as had been the case with glucose and fructose.

WORKING EXAMPLE 3

Except for the fact that an SnO₂ microgranule film was formed over the ITO thin film in place of the TiO₂ microgranule film, test electrodes 13A through 18A were prepared in the same fashion as at Working Example 1, constituting cells, the characteristics of which were evaluated. Cell discharge was at 100 μA for 20 min. Results are shown at TABLE 3.

Here, the SnO₂ microgranule film was formed by using the spin coating method to apply over the ITO thin film a dispersion comprising 95 parts by weight of an ethanol solution containing 15 wt % of polyvinyl alcohol and 5 parts by weight of SnO₂ granules of average grain diameter 15 nm, drying at 80° C., and firing in air at 380° C. for 1 hr. The SnO₂ microgranule film so obtained was proximately 15 μm in thickness.

TABLE 3 Cell Voltage following Discharge OCV (V) (V) Irradiation Irradiation Test Carbo- Redox with light with light Electrode Colorant hydrate Pair Yes No Yes No 13A D1 Glucose None 1.1 0.2 0.7 0 HQ 0.7 0.65 0.55 0.1 NADH 1.2 1.05 0.9 0.15 Fructose None 1.1 0.1 0.65 0 HQ 0.65 0.6 0.45 0.05 NADH 1.2 1.1 0.7 0.15 14A D2 Glucose None 1.1 0.2 0.7 0 HQ 0.65 0.6 0.55 0.1 NADH 1.15 1.1 0.9 0.1 None None 1.0 0.1 0 0 HQ 0.7 0.65 0 0 NADH 1.2 1.1 0 0 15A D3 Glucose None 0.9 0.1 0.45 0 HQ 0.7 0.55 0.35 0.1 NADH 1.2 1.15 0.65 0.1 Fructose None 1.0 0.2 0.5 0 HQ 0.65 0.5 0.45 0.05 NADH 1.15 1.1 0.6 0.1 16A D4 None None 0.9 0.05 0 0 HQ 0.65 0.55 0 0 NADH 1.2 1.05 0 0 Fructose None 1.0 0.2 0.35 0 HQ 0.7 0.65 0.4 0.1 NADH 1.2 1.0 0.6 0.15 17A D5 Glucose None 1.1 0.25 0.5 0 HQ 0.7 0.65 0.55 0.05 NADH 1.2 1.1 0.8 0.2 Fructose None 1.0 0.1 0.6 0 HQ 0.65 0.6 0.5 0.1 NADH 1.15 1.1 0.85 0.2 18A D6 Glucose None 0.7 0.2 0.45 0 HQ 0.65 0.6 0.5 0.2 NADH 1.2 1.15 0.85 0.2 Fructose None 0.7 0.2 0.5 0 HQ 0.65 0.6 0.55 0.1 NADH 1.15 1.1 0.8 0.1

From the results at TABLE 3, it is clear that irradiation of light allows a high discharge voltage to be maintained for all test electrodes used in the cells, and that these cells permit efficient generation of electricity.

Upon using liquid chromatography to analyze the electrolyte containing carbohydrate following testing, gluconic acid, oxalic acid, and formic acid—these being products of oxidation of glucose or fructose—were detected.

Subsequently, the monosaccharides galactose, mannose, and sorbose; the disaccharides maltose, sucrose, lactose, and raffinose; and the polysaccharide starch were used in place of glucose and fructose, and test electrodes 13A through 18A were evaluated in the same fashion as described above. As a result, oxidation of carbohydrate was observed to occur as had been the case with glucose and fructose.

Upon carrying out similar evaluation with a SnO₂—ZnO microgranule film in place of the SnO₂ microgranule film, more or less similar cell characteristics were obtained. Here, the SnO₂—ZnO microgranule film was formed by using the doctor blade method to apply over the ITO thin film a dispersion comprising 95 parts by weight of an ethanol solution containing 15 wt % of polyvinyl alcohol and 5 parts by weight of a mixture of SnO2 granules of average grain diameter 15 nm and ZnO granules of average grain diameter 240 nm in a 5:1 ratio by weight, drying at 80° C., and firing in air at 380° C. for 1 hr. The SnO₂—ZnO microgranule film so obtained was approximately 16 μm in thickness.

WORKING EXAMPLE 4

Test electrodes 1A, 6A, 7A, 12A, 13A, and 18A prepared at Working Examples 1 through 3 were respectively used, and a methoxyacetonitrile solution containing 50 mM of glucose or fructose serving as carbohydrate and 0.5 M of lithium iodide, 0.5 M of imidazolium iodide, and 5 mM of 4-tert-butylpyridine was used as the electrolyte containing carbohydrate, to assemble cells similar to those at Working Example 1, the characteristics of which were evaluated. Results are shown at TABLE 4.

Note however that the positive electrode was such that a film coating comprising MnO₂ granules formed on an aluminum substrate was used in place of the air electrode and oxygen permeable membrane. This positive electrode was obtained by using the doctor blade method to apply over an aluminum substrate of thickness 0.3 mm a slurry comprising 30 parts by weight of MnO₂ granules, 5 parts by weight of acetylene black, 10 parts by weight of graphite, 5 parts by weight of polyvinylidene fluoride, and 50 parts by weight of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, and thereafter drying at 150° C. and carrying out roll pressing to mold this so as to obtain a sheet of thickness 0.5 mm.

Moreover, cell discharge was at 100 μA for 20 min for the cells employing test electrodes 1A, 6A, 13A, and 18A, and was at 10 μA for 200 min for the cells employing test electrodes 7A and 12A.

TABLE 4 Cell Voltage following Discharge OCV (V) (V) Irradiation Irradiation Test Carbo- Redox with light with light Electrode Colorant hydrate Pair Yes No Yes No  1A D1 Glucose None 1.4 0.6 1.1 0 Fructose None 1.4 0.55 1.0 0  6A D6 Glucose None 1.0 0.4 0.8 0 Fructose None 0.9 0.4 0.75 0  7A D1 Glucose None 1.55 0.65 1.3 0 Fructose None 1.6 0.7 1.3 0 12A D6 Glucose None 1.1 0.4 0.9 0 Fructose None 1.05 0.4 0.75 0 13A D1 Glucose None 1.5 0.5 1.1 0 Fructose None 1.45 0.5 0.9 0 18A D6 Glucose None 0.9 0.3 0.75 0 Fructose None 0.95 0.35 0.7 0

From the results at TABLE 4, it is clear that irradiation of light allows a high discharge voltage to be maintained for all test electrodes used in the cells, and that these cells permit efficient generation of electricity.

Upon using liquid chromatography to analyze the electrolyte containing carbohydrate following testing, gluconic acid, oxalic acid, and formic acid—these being products of oxidation of glucose or fructose—were detected.

Subsequently, the monosaccharides galactose, mannose, and sorbose; the disaccharides maltose, sucrose, lactose, and raffinose; and the polysaccharide starch were used in place of glucose and fructose, and the foregoing test electrodes were evaluated in the same fashion as described above. As a result, oxidation of carbohydrate was observed to occur as had been the case with glucose and fructose.

In addition, a mixture serving as the electrolyte containing carbohydrate and comprising 12 parts by weight of polyacrylonitrile and 88 parts by weight of a methoxyacetonitrile solution containing 50 mM of glucose or fructose serving as carbohydrate and 0.5 M of lithium iodide, 0.5 M of imidazolium iodide, and 5 mM of 4-tert-butylpyridine was injected into the foregoing cells. The cells were then cooled to −20° C., causing gelation of the mixture. Upon thereafter evaluating the cells after they had been returned to room temperature, characteristics were obtained which were more or less equivalent to the results shown at TABLE 4.

WORKING EXAMPLE 5

(1) Test Electrode Preparation

An indium tin oxide (ITO) thin film of surface resistance 10 ohms/cm² was formed on a glass substrate of thickness 1 mm.

An acetonitrile solution containing 30 wt % of polyethylene glycol was prepared. 1 part by weight of Ag microgranules of average grain diameter 5 nm and 11 parts by weight of TiO₂ microgranules of average grain diameter 10 nm were suspended in 88 parts by weight of this acetonitrile solution.

The glass plate having the ITO thin film was immersed in the dispersion so obtained, and this was dried at 80° C. and fired for 1 hr in argon gas at 400° C. As a result, a TiO₂ microgranule film which retained Ag in a carried fashion (hereinafter referred to as “Ag—TiO₂ film”) and which was approximately 10 μm in thickness was formed over the ITO thin film.

Two glass substrates having the ITO thin film and Ag—TiO₂ film were arranged such that the respective Ag—TiO₂ films faced one another, and a partitioning frame member comprising sealant material was interposed between the Ag—TiO₂ films. The assembly was moreover thoroughly secured such that the partitioning member was sandwiched between the two substrates, constituting a cell.

An ethanol solution containing colorant D1 in a concentration 10 mM was injected into the cell, filling the interior of the cell with the ethanol solution, and this was allowed to stand. One hour thereafter the ethanol solution was discharged from the cell and dry warm air was allowed to pass through the cell interior continuously for 1 hr, resulting in deposition of colorant D1 on the Ag—TiO₂ films. The interior of the cell was then filled with 4-tert-butylpyridine, and this was discharged therefrom. Next, the interior of the cell was washed with acetonitrile, and the cell interior was dried with warm air. The cell was thereafter disassembled to obtain test electrode(s) 1B having colorant D1 deposited on the Ag—TiO₂ film.

Test electrodes 2B through 6B were obtained in similar fashion as test electrode 1B using D2 through D6 in place of colorant D1.

(ii) Cell Assembly

Cells as shown at FIG. 2 were assembled in the same fashion as at Working Example 1 except for the fact that test electrodes 1B through 6B so obtained were respectively used as negative electrodes.

An electrolyte containing carbohydrate was introduced into the cells. Glucose or fructose was used as carbohydrate. Furthermore, a 0.1 M aqueous solution of KOH was used as the electrolyte. Concentration of glucose or fructose in the electrolyte was 50 mM.

An electrolyte containing glucose or fructose but not containing a redox pair was prepared, and an electrolyte containing glucose or fructose and also containing a redox pair in a concentration 5 mM was prepared. Hydroquinone (HQ) or NADH was used as the redox pair.

(iii) Cell Characteristics

After filling the interior of the cell with the electrolyte containing carbohydrate, evaluation was carried out in the same fashion as at Working Example 1. Results are shown at TABLE 5.

TABLE 5 Cell Voltage following Discharge OCV (V) (V) Irradiation Irradiation Test Carbo- Redox with light with light Electrode Colorant hydrate Pair Yes No Yes No 1B D1 Glucose None 1.2 0.35 0.95 0.2 HQ 0.8 0.7 0.75 0.45 NADH 1.25 1.1 1.1 0.55 Fructose None 1.2 0.35 0.9 0.2 HQ 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.4 NADH 1.25 1.05 0.95 0.5 2B D2 Glucose None 1.15 0.3 0.9 0.2 HQ 0.75 0.65 0.75 0.45 NADH 1.2 1.05 0.95 0.55 None None 1.0 0.1 0 0 HQ 0.7 0.65 0 0 NADH 1.2 1.1 0 0 3B D3 Glucose None 1.0 0.3 0.85 0.2 HQ 0.75 0.7 0.65 0.45 NADH 1.25 1.1 0.95 0.55 Fructose None 1.1 0.35 0.95 0.2 HQ 0.75 0.7 0.7 0.45 NADH 1.2 1.15 0.95 0.55 4B D4 None None 1.05 0.25 0 0 HQ 0.7 0.6 0 0 NADH 1.2 1.0 0 0 Fructose None 1.2 0.35 0.95 0.2 HQ 0.85 0.75 0.75 0.4 NADH 1.25 1.15 1.05 0.5 5B D5 Glucose None 1.15 0.35 0.7 0.2 HQ 0.8 0.7 0.65 0.35 NADH 1.2 0.95 0.9 0.5 Fructose None 1.1 0.35 0.85 0.2 HQ 0.75 0.7 0.65 0.4 NADH 1.2 1.0 0.9 0.45 6B D6 Glucose None 0.80 0.3 0.65 0.2 HQ 0.70 0.65 0.65 0.25 NADH 1.2 1.05 1.0 0.4 Fructose None 0.8 0.3 0.7 0.2 HQ 0.65 0.7 0.65 0.3 NADH 1.15 1.1 1.05 0.35

From the results at TABLE 5, it is clear that irradiation of light allows a high discharge voltage to be maintained for all test electrodes used in the cells, and that these cells permit efficient generation of electricity.

Upon using liquid chromatography to analyze the electrolyte containing carbohydrate following testing, gluconic acid, oxalic acid, and formic acid—these being products of oxidation of glucose or fructose—were detected.

Subsequently, the monosaccharides galactose, mannose, and sorbose; the disaccharides maltose, sucrose, lactose, and raffinose; and the polysaccharide starch were used in place of glucose and fructose, and test electrodes 1B through 6B were evaluated in the same fashion as described above. As a result, oxidation of carbohydrate was observed to occur as had been the case with glucose and fructose.

Next, 8 parts by weight of a mixture containing Ag microgranules of average grain diameter 5 nm, TiO₂ microgranules of average grain diameter 10 nm, and WO₃ microgranules of average grain diameter 12 nm in a 0.6:5:1 ratio by weight were suspended in 92 parts by weight of an acetonitrile solution containing 30 wt % of polyethylene glycol.

A glass plate having an ITO thin film was immersed in the dispersion so obtained, and this was dried at 80° C. and fired for 1 hr in argon gas at 350° C. As a result, a microgranule film comprising WO₃ and TiO₂ which retained Ag in a carried fashion (hereinafter referred to as “Ag—TiO₂—WO₃ film”) and which was approximately 8 μm in thickness was formed over the ITO thin film.

Electrodes were prepared by respectively depositing colorants D1 through D6 on the Ag—TiO₂—WO₃ film in accordance with a method similar to that described above, and these were used to carry out evaluation in a fashion similar to that described above. Results indicated that the cells functioned in a fashion more or less similar to that observed with Ag—TiO₂ film.

WORKING EXAMPLE 6

1 part by weight of Ag microgranules of average grain diameter 5 nm was suspended in 99 parts by weight of an acetonitrile solution containing 30 wt % of polyethylene glycol.

A glass plate having an ITO thin film was immersed in the dispersion so obtained, and this was dried at 80° C. and fired for 1 hr in argon gas at 400° C. As a result, the Ag microgranules were retained in a carried fashion over the ITO thin film.

Test electrodes 7B through 12B were thereafter prepared in a similar fashion as at Working Example 5 by respectively depositing colorants D1 through D6 on the ITO thin film which retained Ag microgranules in a carried fashion.

Test electrodes 7B through 12B were respectively used to construct cells in a similar fashion as at Working Example 5, and these were evaluated. Results are shown at TABLE 6. Note however that cell discharge was at 10 μA for 200 min.

TABLE 6 Cell Voltage following Discharge OCV (V) (V) Irradiation Irradiation Test Carbo- Redox with light with light Electrode Colorant hydrate Pair Yes No Yes No  7B D1 Glucose None 1.2 0.35 0.55 0.2 HQ 0.8 0.7 0.55 0.4 NADH 1.25 1.1 0.7 0.55 Fructose None 1.2 0.35 0.5 0.2 HQ 0.8 0.7 0.55 0.35 NADH 1.25 1.05 0.7 0.5  8B D2 Glucose None 1.15 0.3 0.6 0.2 HQ 0.75 0.65 0.55 0.35 NADH 1.2 1.05 0.65 0.45 None None 1.0 0.1 0 0 HQ 0.7 0.65 0 0 NADH 1.2 1.1 0 0  9B D3 Glucose None 1.0 0.3 0.45 0.2 HQ 0.75 0.7 0.55 0.35 NADH 1.25 1.1 0.7 0.45 Fructose None 1.1 0.35 0.35 0.2 HQ 0.75 0.7 0.5 0.35 NADH 1.2 1.15 0.6 0.45 10B D4 None None 1.05 0.25 0 0 HQ 0.7 0.6 0 0 NADH 1.2 1.0 0 0 Fructose None 1.2 0.35 0.45 0.2 HQ 0.85 0.75 0.55 0.35 NADH 1.25 1.15 0.6 0.45 11B D5 Glucose None 1.15 0.35 0.35 0.2 HQ 0.8 0.7 0.45 0.35 NADH 1.2 0.95 0.55 0.45 Fructose None 1.1 0.35 0.4 0.2 HQ 0.75 0.7 0.55 0.35 NADH 1.2 1.0 0.6 0.4 12B D6 Glucose None 0.8 0.3 0.35 0.2 HQ 0.7 0.65 0.4 0.25 NADH 1.2 1.05 0.45 0.35 Fructose None 0.8 0.3 0.35 0.2 HQ 0.65 0.7 0.45 0.3 NADH 1.15 1.1 0.45 0.35

From the results at TABLE 6, it is clear that irradiation of light allows a high discharge voltage to be maintained for all test electrodes used in the cells, and that these cells permit efficient generation of electricity.

Upon using liquid chromatography to analyze the electrolyte containing carbohydrate following testing, gluconic acid, oxalic acid, and formic acid—these being products of oxidation of glucose or fructose—were detected.

Subsequently, the monosaccharides galactose, mannose, and sorbose; the disaccharides maltose, sucrose, lactose, and raffinose; and the polysaccharide starch were used in place of glucose and fructose, and test electrodes 7B through 12B were evaluated in the same fashion as described above. As a result, oxidation of carbohydrate was observed to occur as had been the case with glucose and fructose.

WORKING EXAMPLE 7

An ethanol solution containing 15 wt % of polyvinyl alcohol was prepared. 1 part by weight of Pt microgranules of average grain diameter 5 nm and 11 parts by weight of SnO₂ microgranules of average grain diameter 15 nm were suspended in 88 parts by weight of this ethanol solution.

The spin coating method was used to apply the dispersion so obtained to an ITO substrate having an ITO film, and this was dried at 80° C. and fired for 1 hr in air at 380° C. As a result, an SnO₂ microgranule film which retained Pt in a carried fashion (hereinafter referred to as “Pt—SnO₂ film”) and which was approximately 15 μm in thickness was formed over the ITO thin film.

Test electrodes 13B through 18B were prepared by respectively depositing colorants D1 through D6 on the Pt—SnO₂ film. Furthermore, test electrodes 13B through 18B were respectively used to construct cells in a similar fashion as at Working Example 5, and these were evaluated. Note however that cell discharge was at 100 μA for 20 min. Results are shown at TABLE 7.

TABLE 7 Cell Voltage following Discharge OCV (V) (V) Irradiation Irradiation Test Carbo- Redox with light with light Electrode Colorant hydrate Pair Yes No Yes No 13B D1 Glucose None 1.25 0.55 0.95 0.5 HQ 0.8 0.75 0.75 0.55 NADH 1.25 1.05 1.2 0.6 Fructose None 1.25 0.5 0.95 0.5 HQ 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.5 NADH 1.2 1.05 1.15 0.6 14B D2 Glucose None 1.15 0.5 0.9 0.45 HQ 0.75 0.65 0.75 0.5 NADH 1.15 1.0 0.9 0.5 None None 1.0 0.45 0 0 HQ 0.7 0.65 0 0 NADH 1.1 1.0 0 0 15B D3 Glucose None 1.1 0.45 0.9 0.45 HQ 0.75 0.55 0.65 0.45 NADH 1.25 0.9 0.9 0.5 Fructose None 1.05 0.45 0.85 0.5 HQ 0.75 0.55 0.65 0.55 NADH 1.2 0.95 0.7 0.55 16B D4 None None 1.1 0.45 0 0 HQ 0.8 0.65 0 0 NADH 1.2 0.95 0 0 Fructose None 1.1 0.5 1.0 0.5 HQ 0.75 0.6 0.65 0.55 NADH 1.25 1.0 1.05 0.6 17B D5 Glucose None 1.1 0.4 0.85 0.5 HQ 0.7 0.65 0.65 0.55 NADH 1.15 1.05 0.95 0.55 Fructose None 1.1 0.5 0.75 0.55 HQ 0.65 0.6 0.7 0.6 NADH 1.15 1.1 0.95 0.65 18B D6 Glucose None 0.8 0.45 0.9 0.5 HQ 0.65 0.6 0.65 0.5 NADH 1.2 1.1 1.05 0.6 Fructose None 0.8 0.45 0.85 0.45 HQ 0.65 0.6 0.8 0.5 NADH 1.15 1.05 0.95 0.55

From the results at TABLE 7, it is clear that irradiation of light allows a high discharge voltage to be maintained for all test electrodes used in the cells, and that these cells permit efficient generation of electricity.

Upon using liquid chromatography to analyze the electrolyte containing carbohydrate following testing, gluconic acid, oxalic acid, and formic acid—these being products of oxidation of glucose or fructose—were detected.

Subsequently, the monosaccharides galactose, mannose, and sorbose; the disaccharides maltose, sucrose, lactose, and raffinose; and the polysaccharide starch were used in place of glucose and fructose, and test electrodes 13B through 18B were evaluated in the same fashion as described above. As a result, oxidation of carbohydrate was observed to occur as had been the case with glucose and fructose.

Next, 5 parts by weight of a mixture containing Pt microgranules of average grain diameter 5 nm, SnO₂ microgranules of average grain diameter 15 nm, and ZnO microgranules of average grain diameter 240 nm in a 0.5:5:1 ratio by weight were suspended in 95 parts by weight of an ethanol solution containing 15 wt % of polyvinyl alcohol.

The doctor blade method was used to apply the dispersion so obtained over the ITO thin film of a glass plate having an ITO thin film, and this was dried at 80° C. and fired for 1 hr in air at 380° C. As a result, a microgranule film comprising ZnO and SnO₂ which retained Pt in a carried fashion (hereinafter referred to as “Pt—SnO₂—ZnO film”) and which was approximately 16 μm in thickness was formed over the ITO thin film.

Electrodes were prepared by respectively depositing colorants D1 through D6 on the Pt—SnO₂—ZnO film in accordance with a method similar to that described above, and cells were constructed and evaluated. Results indicated that the cells functioned in a fashion more or less similar to that observed with Pt—SnO₂ film.

WORKING EXAMPLE 8

1 part by weight of Cu microgranules of average grain diameter 10 nm and 11 parts by weight of TiO₂ microgranules of average grain diameter 20 nm were suspended in 88 parts by weight of an ethanol solution containing 15 wt % of polyvinyl alcohol.

The spin coating method was used to apply the dispersion so obtained over the ITO thin film of a glass substrate having an ITO thin film, and this was dried at 80° C. and fired for 1 hr in air at 300° C. As a result, a TiO₂ microgranule film which retained Cu in a carried fashion (hereinafter referred to as “Cu—TiO₂ film”) and which was approximately 20 μm in thickness was formed over the ITO thin film.

Test electrodes 19B through 24B were prepared by respectively depositing colorants D1 through D6 on the Cu—TiO₂ film. Furthermore, test electrodes 19B through 24B were respectively used to construct cells in a similar fashion as at Working Example 5, and these were evaluated. Note however that cell discharge was at 100 μA for 20 min. Results are shown at TABLE 8.

TABLE 8 Cell Voltage following Discharge OCV (V) (V) Irradiation Irradiation Test Carbo- Redox with light with light Electrode Colorant hydrate Pair Yes No Yes No 19B D1 Glucose None 1.2 0.35 0.95 0.4 HQ 0.8 0.7 0.75 0.5 NADH 1.25 1.1 1.1 0.55 Fructose None 1.2 0.35 0.9 0.35 HQ 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.45 NADH 1.25 1.05 0.95 0.55 20B D2 Glucose None 1.15 0.3 0.9 0.35 HQ 0.75 0.65 0.75 0.45 NADH 1.2 1.05 0.95 0.5 None None 1.0 0.1 0 0 HQ 0.7 0.65 0 0 NADH 1.2 1.1 0 0 21B D3 Glucose None 1.0 0.3 0.85 0.4 HQ 0.75 0.7 0.65 0.45 NADH 1.25 1.1 0.95 0.55 Fructose None 1.1 0.35 0.95 0.45 HQ 0.75 0.7 0.7 0.45 NADH 1.2 1.15 0.95 0.5 22B D4 None None 1.05 0.25 0 0 HQ 0.7 0.6 0 0 NADH 1.2 1.0 0 0 Fructose None 1.2 0.35 0.95 0.4 HQ 0.85 0.75 0.75 0.45 NADH 1.25 1.15 1.05 0.55 23B D5 Glucose None 1.15 0.35 0.7 0.35 HQ 0.8 0.7 0.65 0.45 NADH 1.2 0.95 0.9 0.55 Fructose None 1.1 0.35 0.85 0.35 HQ 0.75 0.7 0.65 0.45 NADH 1.2 1.0 0.9 0.5 24B D6 Glucose None 0.8 0.3 0.65 0.4 HQ 0.7 0.65 0.65 0.35 NADH 1.2 1.05 1.0 0.5 Fructose None 0.8 0.3 0.7 0.35 HQ 0.65 0.7 0.65 0.4 NADH 1.15 1.1 1.05 0.45

From the results at TABLE 8, it is clear that irradiation of light allows a high discharge voltage to be maintained for all test electrodes used in the cells, and that these cells permit efficient generation of electricity.

Upon using liquid chromatography to analyze the electrolyte containing carbohydrate following testing, gluconic acid, oxalic acid, and formic acid—these being products of oxidation of glucose or fructose—were detected.

Subsequently, the monosaccharides galactose, mannose, and sorbose; the disaccharides maltose, sucrose, lactose, and raffinose; and the polysaccharide starch were used in place of glucose and fructose, and test electrodes 19B through 24B were evaluated in the same fashion as described above. As a result, oxidation of carbohydrate was observed to occur as had been the case with glucose and fructose.

Next, 5 parts by weight of a mixture containing Cu microgranules of average grain diameter 10 nm, TiO₂ microgranules of average grain diameter 20 nm, and ZnO microgranules of average grain diameter 240 nm in a 0.5:5:1 ratio by weight were suspended in 95 parts by weight of an ethanol solution containing 15 wt % of polyvinyl alcohol.

The doctor blade method was used to apply the dispersion so obtained over the ITO thin film of a glass substrate having an ITO thin film, and this was dried at 80° C. and fired for 1 hr in air at 300° C. As a result, a microgranule film comprising ZnO and TiO₂ which retained Cu in a carried fashion (hereinafter referred to as “Cu—TiO₂—ZnO film”) and which was approximately 20 μm in thickness was formed over the ITO thin film.

Electrodes were prepared by respectively depositing colorants D1 through D6 on the Cu—TiO₂—ZnO film in accordance with a method similar to that described above, and cells were constructed and evaluated. Results indicated that the cells functioned in a fashion more or less similar to that observed with Cu—TiO₂ film.

WORKING EXAMPLE 9

A methoxyacetonitrile solution containing 50 mM of glucose or fructose serving as carbohydrate and 0.5 M of lithium iodide, 0.5 M of imidazolium iodide, and 5 mM of 4-tert-butylpyridine was prepared for use as the electrolyte containing carbohydrate.

The positive electrode was such that an MnO₂ microgranule film formed on an aluminum substrate which was identical to that used at Working Example 4 was used in place of the air electrode having an oxygen permeable membrane.

Test electrodes 1B, 6B, 7B, 12B, 13B, 18B, 19B, and 24B prepared at Working Examples 5 through 8 were respectively used as negative electrodes.

The foregoing electrolyte, positive electrode, and prescribed negative electrodes were used to assemble cells similar to that of Working Example 5, and the characteristics of those cells were evaluated. Note however that cell discharge was at 100 μA for 20 min for the cells employing test electrodes 1B, 6B, 13B, 18B, 19B, and 24B, and was at 10 μA for 200 min for the cells employing test electrodes 7B and 12B. Results are shown at TABLE 9.

TABLE 9 Cell Voltage following Discharge OCV (V) (V) Irradiation Irradiation Test Carbo- Redox with light with light Electrode Colorant hydrate Pair Yes No Yes No  1B D1 Glucose None 1.4 0.6 1.1 0.2 Fructose None 1.4 0.55 1.0 0.15  6B D6 Glucose None 1.0 0.4 0.8 0.15 Fructose None 0.9 0.4 0.75 0.15  7B D1 Glucose None 1.55 0.65 1.3 0.15 Fructose None 1.6 0.7 1.3 0.1 12B D6 Glucose None 1.1 0.4 0.9 0.2 Fructose None 1.05 0.4 0.75 0.15 13B D1 Glucose None 1.5 0.5 1.1 0.35 Fructose None 1.45 0.5 0.9 0.3 18B D6 Glucose None 0.9 0.3 0.75 0.3 Fructose None 0.95 0.35 0.7 0.3 19B D1 Glucose None 1.4 0.5 1.2 0.25 Fructose None 1.4 0.5 1.15 0.2 24B D6 Glucose None 1.1 0.45 1.1 0.25 Fructose None 1.0 0.45 1.05 0.25

From the results at TABLE 9, it is clear that irradiation of light allows a high discharge voltage to be maintained for all test electrodes used in the cells, and that these cells permit efficient generation of electricity.

Upon using liquid chromatography to analyze the electrolyte containing carbohydrate following testing, gluconic acid, oxalic acid, and formic acid—these being products of oxidation of glucose or fructose—were detected.

Subsequently, the monosaccharides galactose, mannose, and sorbose; the disaccharides maltose, sucrose, lactose, and raffinose; and the polysaccharide starch were used in place of glucose and fructose, and test electrodes 19B through 24B were evaluated in the same fashion as described above. As a result, oxidation of carbohydrate was observed to occur as had been the case with glucose and fructose.

Next, 12 parts by weight of polyacrylonitrile was mixed with 88 parts by weight of the foregoing electrolyte, and the mixture so obtained was injected into the cells as an electrolyte. Moreover, the cells were cooled to −20° C., causing gelation of the mixture. The temperature of the cells was thereafter returned to room temperature, and the characteristics of the cells were evaluated. As a result, characteristics were obtained which were more or less equivalent to the results shown at TABLE 8.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

Because it utilizes a molecule capable of being excited due to absorption of light and electrochemically oxidizing carbohydrate, the present invention makes it possible for the chemical energy which carbohydrates possess to be effectively utilized directly as electrical energy. 

1. A battery comprising a positive electrode, a negative electrode and an electrolyte, said electrolyte intervening between said positive electrode and said negative electrode, said negative electrode comprising an oxide semiconductor and a particulate colorant, said colorant being a metal complex colorant or an organic colorant, said positive electrode being an oxygen electrode, said electrolyte containing carbohydrate, wherein an electromotive force is generated by irradiating light to said negative electrode.
 2. The battery in accordance with claim 1, wherein said oxide semiconductor comprises a microgranule film of oxide semiconductor.
 3. The battery in accordance with claim 1, wherein said oxide semiconductor contains at least one selected from the group consisting of titanium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide and indium tin oxide.
 4. The battery in accordance with claim 1, wherein said oxide semiconductor contains at least two selected from the group consisting of titanium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide and indium tin oxide.
 5. The battery in accordance with claim 1, wherein said oxide semiconductor comprises titanium oxide.
 6. The battery in accordance with claim 1, wherein said oxide semiconductor transmits light.
 7. The battery in accordance with claim 1, wherein said colorant is deposited on said oxide semiconductor.
 8. The battery in accordance with claim 1, wherein said colorant is a metal complex colorant.
 9. The battery in accordance with claim 8, wherein said metal complex colorant is a ruthenium complex colorant or a platinum complex colorant.
 10. The battery in accordance with claim 1, wherein said colorant is an organic colorant.
 11. The battery in accordance with claim 10, wherein said organic colorant is a 9-phenylxanthenic colorant, a merocyaninic colorant or a polymethinic colorant.
 12. The battery in accordance with claim 1, wherein said colorant combines features of both an organic colorant and a metal complex colorant in a structure.
 13. The battery in accordance with claim 12, wherein said colorant is a porphyrinic colorant.
 14. The battery in accordance with claim 1, wherein said negative electrode has a redox pair.
 15. The battery in accordance with claim 14, wherein said redox pair is a quinone/hydroquinone pair, an oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide/reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide pair, an oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate/reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate pair, an iodine/iodide ion pair, a ferredoxin or myoglobin.
 16. The battery in accordance with claim 1, wherein said negative electrode further comprises a metal element capable of forming an amphoteric hydroxide.
 17. The battery in accordance with claim 16, wherein said metal element is selected from the group consisting of Cu, Ag, Pt, Fe, Ni, Zn, In, Sn, Pb, Sb, Ti and Mg.
 18. The battery in accordance with claim 17, wherein said metal element is selected from the group consisting of Cu, Ag and Pt.
 19. The battery in accordance with claim 1, wherein said carbohydrate is selected from the group consisting of monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides.
 20. The battery in accordance with claim 1, wherein said electrolyte is selected from the group consisting of aqueous electrolytes, non-aqueous electrolytes and solid electrolytes.
 21. The battery in accordance with claim 1, wherein said oxygen electrode comprises a substance selected from the group consisting of activated charcoal, manganese oxides, platinum, palladium, iridium oxide, platinum ammine complexes, cobalt phenylenediamine complexes, metalloporphyrins and perovskite oxides. 